Terraform Tactics: A Guide to Mastering Terraform Commands for DevOps
Dive into this guide to mastering essential Terraform commands.
Published Sep 14, 2024
Terraform is an open-source IaC tool provided by by HashiCorp that enables users to define and provision infrastructure resources using a declarative configuration language. By defining infrastructure in code, Terraform automates the creation, modification, and deletion of resources across multiple cloud providers, data centers, and services. This approach enhances infrastructure scalability, repeatability, and consistency.
Terraform revolutionizes infrastructure management by offering several key advantages:
- Scalability: Terraform facilitates the management of complex infrastructure setups through code, enabling scalability and efficient resource provisioning.
- Consistency: Infrastructure configurations defined in Terraform ensure consistency across environments, reducing human error and enhancing reliability.
- Collaboration: Teams can collaborate effectively by version-controlling Terraform configurations, enabling seamless infrastructure updates and tracking changes.
- Flexibility: Terraform supports various cloud providers and services, allowing DevOps teams to work with diverse infrastructures using a unified tool.
- Cost-Efficiency: By adopting Terraform, organizations can optimize resource usage, monitor costs, and automate resource lifecycle management.
Description: Displays the currently installed version of Terraform and information about the Terraform installation.
Example:
terraform versionOutput:
Terraform v1.9.5The terraform init command is crucial for setting up a Terraform project. It downloads necessary plugins, initializes the backend, and ensures the project is ready for further Terraform operations.
Description: Initializes a new or existing Terraform configuration. This command prepares the working directory for other Terraform commands by downloading and installing provider plugins.
Example:
terraform init Output:
Initializing the backend...Initializing provider plugins...- Checking for available provider plugins... - Downloading plugin for provider "aws" (hashicorp/aws) 3.47.0...- Downloading plugin for provider "null" (hashicorp/null) 3.1.0...- Downloading plugin for provider "template" (hashicorp/template) 2.2.0...Terraform has been successfully initialized!Description: This command is used to migrate existing state files to a new state storage backend.
Example:
terraform init -migrate-stateOutput:
Migrating state...Migration successful! State files have been moved to the new backend.Description: This command is used to upgrade the Terraform modules and plugins to the latest versions.
Example:
terraform init -upgrade Output:
Upgrading Terraform modules and plugins...Upgrade successful! Modules and plugins are now up to date.Description: Initializes Terraform with backend configuration specified in a backend configuration file (e.g., backend.tf) allows you to specify backend configuration options during initialization, providing flexibility in how Terraform interacts with the backend for storing state data.
Example:
terraform init -backend-config=backend.tfOutput:
Initializing Terraform with backend configuration from backend.tf...Initializing the backend...- Using backend configuration from backend.tfInitializing provider plugins...- Checking for available provider plugins...- Downloading plugin for provider "aws" (hashicorp/aws) 3.47.0...- Downloading plugin for provider "null" (hashicorp/null) 3.1.0...Terraform has been successfully initialized with the specified backend configuration.Description: This command is used to force reconfiguration of the backend, even if it's already configured.
Example:
terraform init -reconfigure Output:
Reconfiguring backend...Backend reconfiguration successful! Ready for deployment.Managing workspaces in Terraform allows you to segregate your infrastructure configurations into different environments or stages, making it easier to maintain and manage your infrastructure deployments.
Description: Creates a new Terraform workspace.
Example:
terraform workspace new stagingOutput:
Created and switched to workspace "staging".Description: Lists all available workspaces.
Example:
terraform workspace listOutput:
defaultstagingproductionDescription: Switches to a specific workspace.
Example:
terraform workspace select productionOutput:
Switched to workspace "production".Description: Displays the current workspace.
Example:
terraform workspace showOutput:
Current workspace: productionDescription: Deletes a specific workspace.
Example:
terraform workspace delete stagingOutput:
Deleted workspace "staging" and switched to "default" workspace.When you provision infrastructure, Terraform creates an execution plan before it applies any changes to allow you to preview the changes Terraform will make to your infrastructure before you apply them.
Description: creates an execution plan, which lets you preview the changes that Terraform plans to make to your infrastructure.
Example:
terraform planOutput:
Refreshing Terraform state......Plan: 3 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.Description: creates an execution plan using tfvars file, which lets you preview the changes that Terraform plans to make in specific environment (e.g. prod) to your infrastructure.
Example:
terraform plan -var-file="prod.tfvars"Output:
Refreshing Terraform state......Plan: 15 to add, 3 to change, 5 to destroy.Description: creates an execution plan using -target option to target specific resources, modules, or collections of resources.
Example:
terraform plan -target="aws_instance.my_ec2"Output:
Refreshing Terraform state......Plan: 4 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.Description: creates an execution plan to your infrastructure using -target option and tfvars file to target specific resources, modules, or collections of resources in specific environment (e.g. prod).
Example:
terraform plan -target="aws_instance.my_ec2" -var-file="prod.tfvars"Output:
Refreshing Terraform state......Plan: 4 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.Description: save a plan with the -out flag. Later, you can apply the saved plan, and Terraform will only perform the changes listed in the plan. In an automated Terraform pipeline, applying a saved plan file ensures that Terraform only makes the changes you expect, even if your pipeline runs across multiple machines at different times.
Example:
terraform plan -out=tfplanOutput:
Saving a plan to tfplanWhen you apply changes to your infrastructure, Terraform uses the providers and modules installed during initialization to execute the steps stored in an execution plan.
Description: makes the changes defined by your plan to create or update resources.
Example:
terraform applyOutput:
Refreshing Terraform state......Plan: 10 to add, 2 to change, 0 to destroy.Description: Apply a specific plan file, by providing the plan file which generated using the terraform plan -out command.
Example:
terraform apply tfplanOutput:
Refreshing Terraform state......Apply complete! Resources: 7 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.Description: Similar to the terraform plan -var-file="prod.tfvars" command except it will apply the configuration using the tfvars file.
Example:
terraform apply -var-file="prod.tfvars"Output:
Refreshing Terraform state......Apply complete! Resources: 15 added, 3 changed, 5 destroyed.Description: Similar to the terraform plan -target="aws_instance.my_ec2" command except it will apply changes to specific resources using Targeting.
Example:
terraform apply -target="aws_instance.my_ec2"Output:
Refreshing Terraform state......Apply complete! Resources: 4 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.Description: Apply changes to specific resources using Targeting in specific environment (e.g. prod).
Example:
terraform apply -target="aws_instance.my_ec2" -var-file="prod.tfvars"
Output:
Refreshing Terraform state......Apply complete! Resources: 5 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.Once you no longer need infrastructure, you may want to destroy it to reduce your security exposure and costs.
Description: Terminates the infrastructure resources managed by your Terraform project.
Example:
terraform destroyOutput:
...Destroy complete! Resources: 3 destroyed.Description: Destroy only the targeted infrastructure resource.
Example:
terraform destroy -target="aws_instance.my_ec2"Output:
...Destroy complete! Resources: 1 destroyed.Description: Destroy only the targeted infrastructure resource in specific environment (e.g. prod).
Example:
terraform destroy -target="aws_instance.my_ec2" -var-file="prod.tfvars"Output:
...Destroy complete! Resources: 1 destroyed.Terraform has a marker called "tainted" which it uses to track that an object might be damaged and so a future Terraform plan ought to replace it.
Description: This command informs Terraform that a particular object has become degraded or damaged to be recreated on next apply.
Example:
terraform taint aws_instance.my_ec2Output:
Resource instance aws_instance.my_ec2 has been marked as tainted.Description: Remove taint from the tainted resource.
Example:
terraform untaint aws_instance.my_ec2Output:
Resource instance aws_instance.my_ec2 has been successfully untainted.Terraform must store state about your managed infrastructure and configuration. This state is used by Terraform to map real world resources to your configuration, keep track of metadata, and to improve performance for large infrastructures. This state is stored by default in a local file named "terraform.tfstate".
Description: This command is used to list resources within a State file.
Example:
terraform state listOutput:
aws_instance.fooaws_instance.bar[0]aws_instance.bar[1]module.elb.aws_elb.mainDescription: This command is used to filer by resource by only list resources for the given name.
Example:
terraform state list aws_instance.barOutput:
aws_instance.bar[0]aws_instance.bar[1]Description: This command is used to manually download and output the state from remote state to a local file. This command also works with local state.
Example:
terraform state pull > example.tfstateDescription: This command is used to manually upload a local state file to remote state. This command also works with local state. This command should rarely be used. It is meant only as a utility in case manual intervention is necessary with the remote state.
Example:
terraform state pushDescription: Terraform will search the state for any instances matching the given resource address, and remove the record of each one so that Terraform will no longer be tracking the corresponding remote objects
Example:
terraform state rm aws_instance.barDescription: This will not modify your infrastructure. This command removes the lock on the state for the current configuration. The behavior of this lock is dependent on the backend being used. Local state files cannot be unlocked by another process.
Example:
terraform force-unlock <LOCK_ID>Output:
Lock ID LOCK_ID releasedterraform show -jsonDescription: This command will show a JSON representation of the plan, configuration, and current state.
Example:
terraform show -jsonOutput:
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{
"aws_instance.example": {
"type": "aws_instance",
"depends_on": [],
"primary": {
"id": "i-1234567890abcdef0",
"attributes": {
"ami": "ami-0c55b159cbfafe1f0",
"instance_type": "t2.micro",
"tags": {
"Name": "example-server"
}
}
}
}
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